the future of COBOL essays

the future of COBOL essays COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was the first widely used high-level programming language for business applications. Many payroll, accounting, and other business application programs written in COBOL over the past 35 years are still possible that there are more existing lines of programming code in COBOL than in any other programming language has been update over the years. Today we already stepped in internet Age, most of old style business also have been combined with intent to create the e-business, so we suppose COBOL is not useful anymore but before we made a conclusion wed better know hows COBOL worked, and hows COBOL will work in future then we could make decision. COBOL was an effort to make a programming language that was like natural English, easy to write and easier to read the coed after youd written it, and COBOL is one of the oldest, and arguably the most successful and popular of all programming languages. The earliest version of the language, COBOL-60 and -61, evolved to the COBOL-85 standard sponsored by the Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL). COBOL has been declared dead so many times since April 1968 till now, but COBOL lives on. Nevertheless, the somber pronouncements of COBOLs demise continue, and the pace has picked up with such developments as clients-sever technology, Visual Basic, Java, and the chaos associated with the Year-2000 problems. Since the year 2000 (Y2K) problem is common in many business applications and most of these are written in COBOL, programmers with COBOL skills have become sought after by major corporations and contractors. A number of companies have updated COBOL and sell development tools to meet the requirements about COBOL applications using in e-business. Since the COBOL use for Oriented of business it was mostly serviced for big company. Even now many large companies have a huge pool of COBOL-based applic ...

Definition of LD50 or Lethal Dose 50 Test

Definition of LD50 or Lethal Dose 50 Test Updated and edited on May 20, 2016 by Michelle A. Rivera, About.com Animal Rights Expert The LD50 test is one of the most controversial and inhumane experiments endured by laboratory animals. â€Å"LD† stands for â€Å"lethal dose†; the â€Å"50† means that half the animals, or 50 percent of the animals forced to endure testing the product, will die at that dose. LD50 value for a substance will vary according to the species involved. The substance may be administered any number of ways, including orally, topically, intravenously, or through inhalation. The most commonly used species for these tests are rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Substances tested might include household products, drugs or pesticides. These particular animals are popular with animal testing facilities because they are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act which states, in part:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AWA 2143 (A)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦for animal care, treatment, and practices in experimental procedures to ensure that animal pain and distress are minimized, including adequate veterinary care with the appropriate use of anesthetic, analgesic, tranquilizing drugs, or euthanasia;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The LD50 test is controversial because the results have limited, if any, significance when applied to humans. Determining the amount of a substance that will kill a mouse has little value to human beings. Also controversial is the number of animals frequently involved in an LD50 trial, which may be 100 or more animals. Organizations such as the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission, among others, have all spoken out publicly against the use of too many animals in order to reach that 50 percent number. Approximately 60-200 animals are used even though the above organizations have indicated that these same tests could be successfully concluded by using only six to ten animals. The tests involved testing for â€Å",,,toxicity of gases and powders (the inhalation LD50), irritancy and internal poisoning due to skin exposure (the dermal LD50), and toxicity of substances injected directly into anim al tissue or body cavities (the injectable LD50),† according to the New England Anti-Vivisection Society, whose mission it is to end animal testing and supporting alternatives to testing on live animals. The animals used are almost never given anesthesia and suffer tremendous pain during these tests. Because of public outcry and advances in science, the LD50 test has been largely replaced by alternative test measures. In â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing, (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology)† a number of contributors* discuss alternatives that have been adopted by laboratories around the world including the Acute Toxic Class method, the Up and Down and Fixed Dose procedures.   According to the National Institute of Heath, the Consumer Product Safety Commission strongly discourages the use of the LD50 test, while the Environmental Protection Agency discourages its use, and, perhaps the most unnerving, the Food and Drug Administration does not require the LD50 test for cosmetic testing. Merchants have used the public outcry to their advantage. Some have added the words â€Å"cruelty free† or some other indication that the company does not use animal testing on their finished product. But beware of these claims because there is no legal definition for these labels. So the manufacturer may not test on animals, but it’s entirely possible that the manufacturers of the ingredients which comprise the product are tested on animals. International trade has also added to the confusion. While many companies have learned to avoid testing on animals as a public relations measure, the more the United States opens trades with other countries, the higher the chance that animal testing will again be part of the manufacture of a product previously deemed cruelty free. For example, Avon, one of the first companies to speak out against animal testing, has begun selling their products to China. China requires some animal testing be done on certain products before being offered to the public. Avon chooses, of course, to sell to China rather than stand on ceremony and stick to their cruelty-free guns. And while these tests may or may not involve LD-50, the fact is that all the laws and regulations that have been so hard fought and won by animal-rights activists over the years wont mean a thing in a world where global trade is the norm.   If you want to live a cruelty-free life and enjoy following a vegan lifestyle, you have to be part detective and research the products you use every day. *R E Hester  (Editor),  R M Harrison  (Editor),  Paul Illing  (Contributor),  Michael Balls  (Contributor),  Robert Combes  (Contributor),  Derek Knight  (Contributor),  Carl Westmoreland  (Contributor) Edited by Michelle A. Rivera, Animal Rights Expert

Hospitals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hospitals - Essay Example Services include more difficult treatment options such as traumatic brain injury repair and spinal cord injuries. This non-profit hospital appears to provide a higher standard of care than other hospitals in Chicago. Much of the funding for this hospital comes from donations from large benefactors and private donators as well. Many of the patients at Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital are also on some form of public assistance which helps the hospital receive more patient revenues. A governmental hospital in Chicago is the Alton Mental Health Center which is fully funded by government agencies. This is a psychiatric treatment hospital in which patients are residents. The typical patient is urban and the hospital specializes in psychiatric treatment for people who have committed crimes or are dangers to society or to themselves. Alton Mental Health Center has high technology treatment facilities backed by government

Sensory Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sensory Perception - Essay Example This means that whenever a certain sensation is perceived through the different senses of the body, information becomes processed as per what has already taken place in the past making it an issue of associating events. As a result, this is backed by the Pavlovian theory of reinforcement, and this makes information to be perceived as accurate provided a given stimulus is introduced every time to produced similar effects (Ban & Gantt, 2008). However, this pavlovian theory plays a significant role in labeling sensory information as inaccurate in events when experience contradicts sensory input. In most cases for sensory information to be perceived as inaccurate, a process termed as the construction of doubt takes place within an individual, whereby it creates a break down in the association between stimulus and expected results (Asratyan, 2001). The breakdown in belief takes place slowly and accounts for the largest factor that leads to inaccuracy of sensory information due to the pres ence of contradicting experiences from time to time leading to inconsistencies in perception of stimuli. In order to believe in sensory information, an individual’s intent also features in that it all depends on what the individual expects to perceive or gain from the sensory experience. This can be taken from the psychological situation of the individual making belief in sensory information to be accurate or inaccurate based on their state of being. For example, a fiercely hungry person perceives food on almost all instances including those that have nothing to do with relief from hunger. In addition, the external environment plays a key role in the accuracy, which is especially so in the case of cognitive impenetrability (Barth et al, 2012). The concept of cognitive impenetrability contributes to the inaccuracy of sensory information based on the environment in that the external environment may have objects and aspects that are not apparent to sensory organs, but these, bas ed on experiences are apparent to cognition. Consequently, cognitive impenetrability accounts for data inaccuracy in cases where one does not logically and critically process or analyze sensory information to make an immediate decision. This makes sensory data largely unreliable and invalid in spite of perceiving the immediate environment correctly as per available senses, but in the absence of cognition and experiences. Sensory information can further be made accurate or inaccurate based on confounding of different sensory organs and the data perceived. One sensory organ can pick information correctly, while another can take in information from a different angle making the information conflicting and interpretation becomes difficult. This also makes sensory information processed inaccurate by not following dynamics of the environment and the input of all the senses (Hwang, 2008). Besides the different factors mentioned in influencing the accuracy of sensory information, analysis an d assessment of sensory data, nature and nurture are involved. Nurture plays a large part in interpretation and evaluation of date through application of acquired information and experience in learning, also known as perceptual learning. Nurture allows interpretation of data as per active or passive cognition, in which case it serves to correct internal errors (Barth et al, 2012). These are errors emanating from nature in perception, as nature allows interp

Ethics in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in Marketing - Essay Example There are four fundamental issues that should be taken into consideration when making decisions that affects the society. These issues include; individuals, economy, business as well as the society. However, owing to the high rate of decreasing cigarette consumption most industries especially, cigarette producing companies have take unethical measures and decisions making processes that do not take into consideration the four fundamental issues. The article indicates that, cigarette producing countries have stepped up their modus operandi and have managed to modify the decisions made by governments and journalists to create awareness among the public on the negative effects of smoking. These companies have gone to an extent of bribing journalists in most African nations to avoid publishing information that may reduce the rate of cigarette consumption in Africa. Ethical and Social Responsibility of Cigarette Advertisement in Third World Countries Most cigarette manufacturing companies such as British American Tobacco, with large shares in the Third World Countries have taken improved measures to promote effective marketing of their cigarette products. The advertisements have taken a direction whereby; health issues ascribed to smoking have been neglected as the companies are striving to make the public informed of the benefits of smoking. The use of elegant persons, properly dressed men and women to advertize cigarette have shifted the minds of most people especially in the developing nations from the consequences associated with smoking. This form of marketing some of the fundamental issues indicated in the Decision Tree Model; specifically, such advertisements focus majorly on profits made by the companies while neglecting the society as well as individuals. Ethical and Social Responsibilities of the Focus on Developing Markets Owing to the increasing rates at which governments and other institutions formulate and implement strict rules and regulations, most o f cigarette producing companies have shifted their focus of markets where such laws are limited or less active. Cigarette producers like PMI have shifted their focus on third world countries where such laws may be manipulated through corruption. Moreover, such companies have also developed more advanced technologies geared towards improving the quality of their products for instance; addition of sweet smelling products on the cigarette in order to convince the public and the government that such products are not harmful to human health. This strategy focuses on the benefits of the company while ignoring the social and the individual negative effects that may occur from smoking. Ethical Issues of Anti-smoking Campaign Cigarette producing industries have taken prerogatives to ensure that

City of Santa Anas Purpose, Vision, Values and Goals Essay

City of Santa Anas Purpose, Vision, Values and Goals - Essay Example Each element of the vision is translated into measurable goals. For example, one element of the visions is â€Å"investment in children† (1). The goals set to realize this vision include ensuring a safe community and being a catalyst for the positive development of young people. It also has a vision of â€Å"appreciation of diversity† (2). This vision can be realized by the formulation of a specific goal which is â€Å"recruit and retain a highly-skilled and diverse workforce† (2). From these examples, it is clear that goals flow from vision. After setting the goals, the implementation process begins. This involves translating the goals into actions or formulating strategies to ensure the goals are achieved. For the organization purpose to be achieved, every department in the organization should work towards a common goal since each department has specific actions to perform that flow from the goals. For example, to â€Å"ensure a safe community† the commu nity development agency is required to â€Å"develop and implement programs to deter and alleviate the effects of illegal behavior† (2). ... However, for these actions to be enacted, the support in terms of funds, equipment, and manpower is needed; thus, the budgetary allocation is crucial. Through the roles assigned, each department in the city is made aware of what is expected if the council is successful in its endeavor. Identification of vision, goals, and actions is vital in strengthening the government’s budgeting process. From the vision, achievable goals are set, and in order to achieve the goals, some actions must be performed. In this case, if the actions are performed as expected, it means the vision, as well as the purpose of the organization, will be achieved. For this to happen, resources in terms of finance, materials and equipment, and manpower with required skills are needed. Where do the resources come from? The government has to provide the resources needed for successful implementation of goals, but it cannot just give out resources without a plan. It has to establish how much is needed in order to achieve each goal and allocate resources accordingly. Some goals which are more important are given more priority than others. Some actions can also enhance the implementation process by these means reducing the need for financial allocation. For example, by employing a highly skilled diverse workforce continuously, there is a possibility to ensure improved systems and high-quality services to customers and to develop the required programs. Thus, it is crucial for the government to have vision and objectives, so as to allocate resources efficiently for the overall success of government services and economic growth.  

Lenovo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lenovo - Assignment Example Consisting of the synergy of companies, the synergy of allocation canal, the synergy of the variety as well as management plus the synergy of price saving. The culture divergence; the disparity among the two countries might oblige the former staffs of IBM to depart from Lenovo. Such that Lenovo ought to respect the independence of abroad R&D centers. Numerous practices general in other authority is controlled in China. The Regulations stiffen regulatory necessities with deference to foreign attainment activities. The consequence will be to slim, rather than enlarge, the chances for foreign scheme capital. All these regulations are put for the safety and constancy of Chinese wealth, plus a means to keep the party’s organized over the financial system. Lenovo ought to intensify its internationalize attainment. Since Lenovo's achievement is accredited to its long-term centering on emerging sales plus successful abroad M&As, it ought to run a high-quality business of the businesse s it merged. Lenovo must place itself for the international market. Placing is at all times the critical subject that the Chinese corporations ignore, as well as it is the cause why Chinese corporation can barely last long. In conclusion, Lenovo should trim down their pricing plan. The worth of the produce is a significant factor to put into consideration; Lenovo is not able to make low-price policies to endure in the international market. Lenovo ought to rather be concerned as regards to the order of their target clients.