7 Os Occupants, Objects, Objectives, Organizations,...

The field of consumer behavior studies how consumers (individuals and groups) select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas to satisfy their needs. To understand the consumers in the target market, marketing managers rely on the 7 O’s framework of consumer research. 7 Os: Occupants, Objects, Objectives, Organizations, Operations, Occasions, Outletss Who constitutes the market? Occupants What does the market buy? Objects Why does the market buy? Objectives Who participates in buying? Organizations How does the market buy? Operations When does the market buy? Occasions Where does the market buy? Outlets Buyer’s needs, characteristics and decision making process interact with the stimuli created†¦show more content†¦Marketing of income-sensitive goods has to take into consideration the shifts in personal income and savings habits. Life style A person’s life style is the person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests, and opinions. People coming from the same subculture, social class, and occupation do lead quite different life styles. The life style is reflected in the consumption patterns. different agencies and authors have identified differnet life style categories. McCann Erickson London identifed among British, Avant-Gardians, Pontificators, Chamelons and Sleepwalkers. The advertising agency, Darcy, Masius, Benton Bowles identified five categories among Russians, Kuptsi, Cossacks, Students, Business Executives, and Russian Souls. Llifestyles among British people. Avant-Gardians (interested in change) Pontificators (traditionalists, very British) Chamelons (follow the crowd) Sleepwalkers (contented underachievers) Psychological factors of importance Personality and self concept Personality denotes a person’s distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to various stimuli. Motivation Motivation to purchase and consume an item is to be understood by marketers. Need sets up drive that seeks a goal. Marketers want

Media And Journalism Ethics By Bill Kovach And Tom Rosensteil

Serving the public’s interest has always been an objective for the media. The ethic codes emphasize that journalists serve the public and that that they are dedicated to ‘truth and fairness.’ (Foreman 2010 P.25) This has been adopted by journalism organizations within this nation. Distasteful content is an ethical dilemma for the press, it is a difficult issue what is acceptable to one person may not be acceptable to another. As well as this newspapers and commercial television are under a great amount of pressure to deliver quality news that stands out from their competitors, this can have an impact on the material that they decide to use. Journalists, Bill Kovach and Tom Rosensteil’s were guided by these beliefs and formed a definition of journalisms primary purpose which is â€Å"to provide citizens with the information they need to be free and self-governing.† (Foreman 2010 p.25) In his book Media and Journalism Ethics S.P. Phadke has stated that journalists are the formulators and disseminators of news they have a great responsibility both morally and pragmatically. As it is through them that citizen’s view the world, and they set the agenda for social concern and debate. (Phadke 2008) In their book ‘The Elements of Journalism’ Kovach and Rosensteil highlight this point ‘The news media help us to define our communities and help us create a common language and common knowledge rooted in reality. Journalism also helps identify a community’s goals, heroes and villains.† A

Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 1547 Words

In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, there are many symbols throughout the poem. The hunting scenes are told in great detail throughout the poem. The unknown author writes these scenes to add meaning to the poem. The scenes depicts the hunting of the three different prey Lord Bertilak is after. Each scene contains symbolism and importance and helps to develop and improve the plot. One may wonder why the author might include the hunting scenes at all. According to critic, Donald Howard, the hunted animals convey connotations of evil. (85). This viewpoint could be a due to his religious beliefs. In the poem, the animals are not described as evil. The fox is described as cunning, â€Å"Carefully he creeps by the edge of a copse, / convinced that his cunning has conned those canines† (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 1710-11). The fox is not seen as evil as Howard thinks that it is. Howard believes that the animals are wicked but the in the poem there is no implication that they are evil in any way. Each animal has their own skill levels of escaping the hunt, the fox being the best. In medieval times animals were given human qualities and emotions. The three animals in the poem are described as having human qualities. First, Henry Savage states, â€Å"Certain facts about the animals which formed the quarry of the medieval huntsman, to be found in the hunting treatises of the time, and certain popular beliefs about their habits and tempers that were promulgated by the practices andShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2387 Words   |  10 Pagesthe fourteenth century poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The poem opens with allusions to Greek and Roman history and eventually sets the story on Christmas in Camelot with King Arthur and his knights of the round table. Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew and a knight in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, faces trials and temptations that one would typically expect from a knight of the round table. Through careful and juxtaposed analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and articles by reputable authorsRead MoreEssay Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1050 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, after Gawain ventures â€Å"into a forest fastness, fearsome and wild† (Norton, 311), he prays that he will be able to find â€Å"harborage† on Christmas Eve (Norton, 312). It is the middle of winter, and Gawain has been traveling in search of the Green Knight whose head he has cut off. After he prays and signs himself three times, Gawain finds a magical castle in the midst of a winter forest. He rides to the castle and is grantedRead More A Character Analysis of Sir Gawain as Presented In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight1426 Words   |  6 PagesA Character Analysis of Sir Gawain as Presented In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, the character of Sir Gawain is skillfully brought to life by the unknown author. Through the eyes of numerous characters in the poem, we see Gawain as a noble knight who is the epitome of chivalry; he is loyal, honest and above all, courteous. As the story progresses, Gawain is subjected to a number of tests of character, some known and some unknown. These tests tell us a greatRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight955 Words   |  4 Pagesthe classic medieval poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight that is used to form a more captivating story and construct a deeper meaning to the plot. The color green certainly is a prominent color in the poem, especially with the Green Knight, who is literally green from head to toe. The Green Knight makes quite the entrance on his horse as he rides into Camelot disrupting King Arthur and his knight’s New Year’s Feast. The Green Knight has come to find out if the Knights of the Round Tab le are as loyalRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight940 Words   |  4 Pages In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the men and women appear to have different roles in the society. The men attempt to live a more noble life while emasculating the power of the women. Throughout the poem, women display hints of their potential through manipulation and trickery, traits that are uneasily recognized by men as growing power. Morgan la Fay manipulates the Lord Bercilak to assume the role of the Green Knight, and she uses him for revenge against Queen Guenevere. She engineered a planRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1054 Words   |  5 PagesIn his book The Discarded Image C.S. Lewis states that â€Å"the Middle Ages depended predominantly on books†¦reading was one way of the total culture.† To illustrate, imagine a young heroic knight, holding his sword in one hand and his shield in another. Standing in confidence, with a determined look upon his face before confronting his next challenge. Bravery is found in many interesting stories throughout the medieval ages. It is defined by Oxford Dictionaries as â€Å"courageous behavior or character† (OxfordRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight846 Words   |  4 PagesAnd Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is not an exception to the rule. The poem uses imagery, juxtaposition of scenes, and the action of the chara cters to present the numerous themes to the reader and the presentation is done throughout the work. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the idea that in the world, there are man-made and natural rules that one must follow but in times, the two rules come in conflict with each other. By analyzing the two games played by Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1199 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequently depicted as a knight in shining armor, an image that originates from age-old literature such as the fourteenth-century Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In such literary works, the heroic knight has several virtuosic character traits: friendship, chastity, generosity, courtesy, and piety; however, he must also endure a quest in which his virtues are tested. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, three obstacles challenge the hero Gawain’s morals, including the Green Knight, the seductress, andRead MoreAnalysis of Sir Gawain and the Green K night866 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† is the classic tale of a knight of the round table who takes up the challenge of the mysterious Green Knight. The poem begins with the Green Knight’s sudden arrival and his declaration of his proposition: a knight may strike him, and then a year and one day from then he will return the blow. This tale is most well-known for dealing with the themes of a knight’s code of chivalry, loyalty, resisting temptation, and keeping one’s word. While the whole poem is full ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe language of symbols plays a major role in medieval poetry â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† is no exception. The use of symbolism gives a writer the ability to draw important connections between items in their story and the audience. The poet behind â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† gives the reader a detailed description of the pentagram, his most important symbol, in order to form the key understanding of this poem. The narrator compares knightly ideals such as integrity, focus, and strength

The Moral Principles Of Torture - 991 Words

Many opinions have been historically perceived on modern debates about the moral principles of torture. Torture has been carried out or sanctioned by individuals, groups, and states throughout history from ancient times to modern day, and forms of torture can vary greatly in duration from only a few minutes to several days or longer. (Torture, 2016). Torture is the act of inflicting excruciating pain, as punishment or revenge, as means of getting a confession or information, or for sheer cruelty. (Torture, 2016). Now that we have an idea behind the meaning of torture, we need to know if it is ethical. Ethical can be described as fair, legitimate or moral. All and all, is torture the right thing to do? Let’s take a look at some of the reviews of those that are skilled professionals in discussing if it is just or permissible to use torture. John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant are philosophers who stand by and argue their beliefs on what is right and wrong with the use of torture. John Stuart Mill states the right actions are those which produce the greatest amount of happiness (or prevent the greatest amount of unhappiness) for all sentient creatures, where by happiness Mill means the presence of pleasure or the absence of pain. (Casebeer PH.D, (n.d.). His principle is based on consequentialist moral reasoning. For instance, what he used to support his idea is to torture one person to save the lives of large group of blameless people in a life threatening situation, thenShow MoreRelatedIs Torture Morally Wrong?1265 Words   |  6 Pagesbelief that torture is morally wrong. Popular culture, religious point of views, and every other form of culture for many decades has taught that it is a wrongdoing. But is torture really a wrong act to do? To examine the act of torture as either a means or an end we must inquire about wh ether torture is a means towards justice and therefore morally permissible to practice torture on certain occasions. â€Å"Three issues dominate the debates over the morality of torture: (1) Does torture work? (2) IsRead MoreA moral understanding of Utilitarianism and torture1248 Words   |  5 Pages A Moral Understanding of Utilitarianism and Torture KSM is a mastermind terrorist who has been captured by the CIA. He refuses to reveal any information about his organization or the members thereof that could be fundamental to the welfare of hundreds of lives. Even under the presence of coercive methods such as sleep deprivation and water boarding, he has refused to talk. His nine and eleven year old children have been brought into custody and a suggestion has been made to torture the childrenRead MoreAnalysis Of Ayer s Theory Of Emotivism1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe view that moral knowledge exists then we have to show what things are moral and what things are not moral. Since there is no evidence that declares what things are moral and what things are not moral, it is very hard to determine the good and bad in an action. Since there is no moral knowledge, our moral judgements are just meaningless and hold no truth or falsity. This means that we cannot say that a claim such as ‘killing an innocent is wrong’ is true. If we do not have any moral knowledge thenRead MoreThe Dirty Hands Summary By Walzer997 Words   |  4 PagesWalzer’s essay on the dirty hands principle argues political figures cannot rule without getting their hands dirty or, in other words, being immoral. Walzer’s two main points to justify the principle are; the identity and goal of a leader, and the emotional aftermath of guilt. He concludes it is morally justified to perform unjust acts to protect citizens from a worse scenario provided the leader endures guilt, acting as punishment. Walzer argues getting one’s hands dirty in politics is inevitableRead MoreUtilitarianism And Utilitarianism1066 Words   |  5 PagesStuart Mill is the name that is often brought up. Mill came up with a belief known as â€Å"the principle of utility† or â€Å"the greatest happy principle†. This principle can be simply defined as the decision that makes the most people happy in a situation, is therefore the most moral decision no matter the situation or circumstances. In the hypothetical situation presented, from personal opinion, preforming torture on the madman would in fact be the only way possible in identifying where the several bombsRead MoreJeremy Bentham : A Man Of Many Hats1479 Words   |  6 Pagesa being makes to be governed by the goal of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. He believed this to be true for both human beings and non-human beings, which was part of his defense for animal rights. The Principal of Unity, which is the guiding principle of all ethics to decide what is right or wrong, gives the thought that one action is better than another one, so long as it gives and promotes pleasure rather than pain. Both of these factors of pleasure and pain must be measured in seven differentRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Perspective Of The World War II1354 Words   |  6 Pageshuman history, enemy combatants of the defeated forces were generally taken as war prisoners, often expected to confront brutal tortures or agonizing executions. Such trend managed to steer its way into recent human history. Some of the most atrocious crimes committed against mankind were witnessed during the second World War where prisoners of war underwent unthinkable torture procedures either to give confessions or for the purpose of human experimentation. Hence, participants of the Geneva ConventionRead MoreThe Fundamental Principle of Morality According to Kant790 Words   |  4 PagesKant, the fundamental principle of morality must be a categorical, rather than a hypothetical imperative, because an imperative based on reason alone is one that is a necessary truth, is a priori, and is one that applies to us becaus e we are rational beings capable of fulfilling our moral obligations. Kant explains this essential truth is how an action as objectively necessary in itself apart from its relation to a further end. This refers to how if the supreme principle of morality was only aRead MoreWhat Is the Right Response to Terrorism?1685 Words   |  7 Pagesincisive strategy to fight it. Along this paper, I demonstrate that torture is not the right solution to respond to terrorism, whereas surveillance might be a better and acceptable proposal. Several scholars and politicians have either widely sustained or contested both issues. In my opinion, torture does not ensure success in fighting terrorism while it inflicts unbearable sufferance. I provide six arguments to demonstrate that torture should not be taken into account at all. They are related to moralityRead MoreCase Study: Applying Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development782 Words   |  3 Pageswho has argued very convincingly that it might justify torture under very specific limitations. Specifically, Dershowitz has suggested that (only) in cases where there is no question of guilt or denial, torture for the purpose of saving innocent lives could be morally and ethically justified. To avoid torture ever being applied outside of the narrow range of situations in which it is justified, Dershowitz outlined the mechanism of a torture warrant, which could be issued only by a judge and only

Construction Law and Dispute Resolution

Question: Discuss about the Construction Law and Dispute Resolution. Answer: Introduction The study presents the analysis of case between Brady King Pty Ltd, the taxpayer and the commissioner of tax with respect to the compliance of Goods and Service Tax valuation. The assignment covers the summary of the facts of selected case along with the legal issues involved between the taxpayer and the commissioner of Australian taxation system. Further, the assignment contains legal principles involved in the issue as well as the reasons for the breach of such issues along with the analysis on federal courts decision. The case involves a contract to acquire an office building valued at $9,250,000 during the year 2000. The taxpayer signed the contract on May 22 2000 that permitted the taxpayer to enter the building after the payment of deposit money for carrying out marketing and other specified works. It was noted that the contract was settled on October 25 2000 while the registry of transfer was done on November 9 2000. Further, the building was converted into branch units most of which were sold between the months April 2001 and November 2001. In order to determine the value of branch units as on July 1 2000, professional valuer determined the value while the taxpayer filed the returns of GST which was calculated on the margin amount as per the valuation $23,232,000 for sale of units. However, the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) contended that the taxpayer, Brady King Pty Ltd was not eligible to apply the method of valuation for the purpose of margin scheme. In addition, the taxpayer was also not permitted to apply assessments issued for computing marginal GST that was determined from the difference of amount sales considerations of the units and proportionate consideration for the building acquisition made by taxpayer. Further, the Australian taxation Office or Commissioner of tax stated that the valuation of units determined by Brady King Pty Ltd had not been done as per the regulations of Goods and Services Tax Act, 1999. The Commissioner of tax contented that the valuation of units was not in compliance with the provisions of section 75- 10(3) under GST Act 1999. Accordingly, the case incorporates the rulings of Goods and Services Tax Act, 1999 i.e. GSTR 2000/21, GSTR 2006/07 and GSTR 2006/08 along with the subject reference of margin scheme, freehold interest, method of sales consideration and method of valuation. In the given case, the professional valuer derived the valuation of the units using the freehold interest for the days specified in the purchasing contract between the taxpayer and the contractor. As Brady King Pty Ltd converted the office building into stratum units which were sold against the terms and conditions of contract plan. Legal Issues Considering the method of valuation used by the taxpayer for valuing the units, the case was ensued to the Commissioner of Australian Taxation Office along with the compliance of regulations of Goods and Services Tax Act 1999. The Commissioner of Tax constituted that the taxpayer was not allowed to apply the method of valuation since it includes the valuation of several units and not the entire building. Moreover, application of valuation method on the margin amount was also not appropriate as per the regulations of section 75-10(3) under GST Act 1999 because consideration of units cannot be compared with the valuation of entire building (Crawford 2016). It has been stated that the margin used for units supply should be computed as per the regulation of GST Act based on the appropriate consideration amount of stratum units. Legal principles Rules: According to the provision of section 75-10(3) of the Goods and Service Act 1999, the GST amount applies on the taxable supplies of the real property as per the margin scheme. It provides that the valuation of GST is to be done on the taxable supply through one- eleventh part for the supply margin (Ato.gov.au 2016). As per section 75-11, subsection (3) the amount of margin supply has been referred as the amount of consideration by which the value of supply is excess to the amount of consideration for the property acquisition in terms of interest or the amount of lease. In order to work out the margin value, the method of valuation is required to be used as per the table provided under section 75-11, GST Act 1999 (Ato.gov.au 2016). Further, clause 5 of section 75-10, GST Act 1999 provides that the determination of valuation is to be provided by the professional valuer and the valuation must be according to the fair market value of the completed office premises. Valuation should include the relevant cost to complete the half or unconstructed premises along with the margin of profit attributable for period after the date of valuation (Ato.gov.au 2016). Breach of Rules: As the case was trialed by the Federal Court of Australia, the judge contended that the Brady King Pty Ltd was not allowed to apply the method of valuation because the stratum unit was not subsisted as on the valuation date i.e. July 1 2000. It had been noted that the taxpayer breached the provisions of section 75-10 GST Act 1999 since the property was acquired before July 1 2000 i.e. on 22 May 2000 as well as the conversion and sale of units made between the months April and November. However, as per the provisions of GST Act on valuation, the method of valuation is to be used only if the supplier acquires the property units on or before July 1 2000, then the valuation should be done as on July 1 2000 (Dodge 2016). Moreover, the Federal Court of Australia contended that for the use of valuation method, it is essential to establish legal interest in the real property to be acquired at the date of valuation date i.e. July 1 2000. However, in the given case, taxpayer entered the contract to purchase the real property, which was partially completed and the acquisition merely established the equitable interest as on the valuation date July 1 2000. Additionally, provision of valuation for measuring the marginal value should be in compliance of method 1 stated in the GST Act 1999 as well as the Margin Scheme Valuation Requirements 2000 (Bellman and hman 2016). It had been noticed that the taxpayer did not comply the regulations as the margin value was determined by considering unit consideration and proportionate value of the acquisition value of the entire property. During the period of appeal, the parties argued that the contention of court during the trial period was not appropriate in terms of jurisdiction. It was held that the court did not consider the acquisition factor and supplies factor as per the terms of contract entered during May 2000. The Commissioner of tax contended that the taxpayer acquired the stratum units at the time of acquiring the real property since it the entire property was completed after the acquisition. Accordingly, it had been considered that the taxpayer breached the provisions of section 75-10(3) under Goods and Services Tax Act, 1999 for applying valuation method as well as considering the margin value for GST (Jones and Dunse 2015). Analysis of decision of court Considering the facts and issues of the given case, Commissioner of Australian Taxation System, it was stated that even the stratum units of the property was not formed until the period of July 1 2000. However, the taxpayer obtained the freehold interest in accordance with the ownership title for the entire property. Apart from that, the taxpayer acquired equitable interest in the real property at the date of valuation which was considered against the regulations under section 75-10(3) under GST Act 1999 (Emoh and Uzuanje 2015). The court contended that the registration of the freehold interest is not essential for the purpose of valuation method since it is sufficient to provide unconditional possession through a legal transferrable instrument. The court agreed the contention of the Commissioner on non- entitlement on applicability of valuation method as per the provisions of 75-10(3) under GST Act. It had been stated that the date of settlement of the contract was created after July 1 2000 while the freehold interest of the real property also acquired after date of July 1 2000. Therefore, it can be analyzed that the provision of section 75-10 is applicable as per the valuation date for measuring the value of Goods and Service Tax. It is also essential to analyze the acquisition of freehold interest for the property as per the specified date i.e. July 1 2000 however, registration for the same can be done after the specified date (Tyvimaa, Gibler and Zahirovic-Herbert 2015). The Brady King Pty Ltd acquired the property on 22 May 2000 while the contract was settled on the date October 25 2000 and transfer was made on November 9 2000. Further, the property was sold on the during the period April and November 2001 therefore it had been analyzed that the property was acquired and held till July 2000 even though it was converted in the units. It was observed that Brady King entered the contract before the specified date but the same was not completed for the purpose of purchasing the property. Accordingly, title of freehold interest could not be created on the real property as well as the creation of stratum units formed only sufficient interest for the division of the land and property. On the contrary, Australian Taxation Office did not consider the compliance of valuation of Goods and Services Tax stating that the transaction of acquiring the property or selling off the property occurs if the contract has been signed and accepted by the parties for the purpose (Enever, Isaac and Daley 2014). Hence, the contract of acquisition the real property by Brady King can be said to be completed since the taxpayer had signed the contract. Besides, the scheme of margin as per the regulations of Goods and Services Tax Act 1999 should be applicable to the difference of consideration value for the same property only in accordance wit h the acquisition cost or sales price. However, in the present case, it had been analyzed that the Brady King Pty Ltd considered different types of properties to determine the margin value i.e. acquired property value and sales consideration of stratum units. In view of the implications of the regulations and its application on the valuation of property determined by the professional valuer, it was analyzed that the valuation of GST on the property value should be determined on the registered property as on the valuation date July 1 2000. On the contrary, section 75- 11 provides that, if the acquired interest property should be done before July 1 2000 but the supply of the property is after the relevant date, then the valuation of GST would be considered as GST- free as per sub- section 38-445 (Ato.gov.au 2016). Accordingly, it had been analyzed that the decision of the court was based on the reasoning for the property acquisition and related valuation based on the scheme of margin under GST Act (Yan, Lee and Mattavelli 2013). Further, while placing the decision on contention of Commissioner and Brady King, it had been analyzed that the court ignored the regulations of section 75 subsection 11 as well as 75-5(3) under the Act of Goods and Service Tax Act. Besides, it had been analyzed that the valuation done by the professional valuer was not appropriate and according to the provisions of GST Act and the same cannot be considered to invalidate the courts decision. Similar to the case of Central Equity Limited v Commissioner of Taxation Australian Taxation Office contended that land valuation for supply or acquisition under a contract is to be considered after its completion. Considering the contravention of section 75- 11 GST Act 1999, the valuation of the property did not reflect the fair value as on July 1 2000. Therefore, in case of Brady King Pty Ltd, courts decision can be said to be valid as the contract between the taxpayer and other party was incomplete until the valuation date. Reference List: Ato.gov.au. 2016. Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au [Accessed 16 Dec. 2016]. Bauer, K., 2015. Impact of Owner-Occupied Property Valuation by Historical Cost on Fixed Assets Value at Bankruptcy Risk.Management and Business Administration,23(2), pp.3-23. Beatty, A. and Shou, M., 2015. Property:'Rebuilding NSW'on private land: Who has compensation rights?.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(6), p.92. Bellman, L. and hman, P., 2016. Authorised property appraisers perceptions of commercial property valuation.Journal of Property Investment Finance,34(3), pp.225-248. Crawford, B.J., 2016. Valuation, Values, Norms: Proposals for Estate and Gift Tax Reform.Boston College Law Review,57. Dodge, J.M., 2016. Three Whacks at Wealth Transfer Tax Reform: Retained-Interest Transfers, Generation-Skipping Trusts, and FLP Valuation Discounts.BCL Rev.,57, pp.999-999. Emoh, F.I. and Uzuanje, I., 2015. The Effect of Increasing Cost of Capital on the Profitability of Real Estate Development in Benin City, Nigeria.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,6(20), pp.81-91. Enever, N., Isaac, D. and Daley, M., 2014.The valuation of property investments. Taylor Francis. Gould, N., 2015. NEC contracts: programming, project management and pricinghave they stood the test of time.Annual Update of the Centre of Construction Law Dispute Resolution, pp.1-46. Jones, C. and Dunse, N., 2015. The valuation of an airport as a commercial enterprise.Journal of Property Investment Finance,33(6), pp.574-585. Kerkhove, L.P. and Vanhoucke, M., 2016. Incentive contract design for projects: The owner? s perspective.Omega,62, pp.93-114. Munneke, H.J., Ooi, J.T., Sirmans, C.F. and Turnbull, G.K., 2015. Real estate agents, house prices, and liquidity.The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,50(1), pp.1-33. Narayanan, P., Kina, J., Panchapakeshan, P., Chui, C.O. and Moritz, C.A., 2012. Integrated DeviceFabric Explorations and Noise Mitigation in Nanoscale Fabrics.IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology,11(4), pp.687-700. Tyvimaa, T., Gibler, K.M. and Zahirovic-Herbert, V., 2015. The effect of ground leases on house prices in Helsinki.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,30(3), pp.451-470. Whittington, G., 2015. Fair value and IFRS. The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, Routledge, London, pp.217-235. Yan, Y., Lee, F.C. and Mattavelli, P., 2013. Comparison of small signal characteristics in current mode control schemes for point-of-load buck converter applications.IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,28(7), pp.3405-3414.

Database Administration for Neighbourly Shared Food- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDatabase Administration for Neighbourly Shared Food. Answer: This report discusses about the requirements of a group named Neighbourly Shared Food for the purpose of executing the new processes for the better performance of the group. NSF is a group of people who were encouraged after attending a conference. The main aim of the group is to swap the foods without any cash transactions. They have desired for including new members to the community. For the promotion of their community they had organised an event which had attracted a lot of new peoples (Ellison, Steinfield, Lampe, 2013). They had a small enrolment fee for new members. The enrolment process was done manually which included lots of paperwork. For that purpose, they decided to adopt new means for the purpose of better promotion of the community and a new and easy process for including new members. Along with all this they also think of storing the data and informations of the new members. This report discusses about how they can store their data and what is the most convenient plac e for storing the backups (Chang, 2015). Along with this the report also focuses on the necessary requirements for the purpose of backing up the data. A new system has been developed in the whole report along with the security issues for the better operation of the community. Discussion: The company should first of all think of including peoples beyond the household members. They might think of including commercial organisations also. Along with this they should also think of increasing their community representatives. As the total process does not include any cash transaction so the process should include more and more peoples interested in swapping their items. Due to the organisation of the autumn festival in a botanical garden it attracted many partner organisations. What the partners do is they provide stalls and workshops and many more at a discounted rate for the purpose of attracting more peoples toward the group NSF. Instead of using one social networking site for the purpose of promotion they should also think of using more social sites for the purpose of promoting their operations (Rodgers, Skowron Chabrol, 2012). The organisation also had a manual process for the purpose of including new members. Now the group thinks of doing this online so as to remove the hustle of doing paper works. With increased popularity in a span of two years the interest among the people for this group is also increasing. For the purpose of including more easily and looking into the side of the new willing peoples the group should create their online portal as soon as possible. Not only the portal will help in easy registration to the people but also help the peoples to pay their membership fee very easily (Nimrod, 2012). Besides this facility the online portal will also help in conserving the time both for the group as well as the new members. By the use on online portals the group can contact its new members very easily. The online payment is also secure in cases of online portal benefiting both the new members along with the group. The generation of the receipts also becomes automatic thereby helping a lot. By providing benefits in the online registration process the group can attract new members. The members can also be informed about the new events an d the various programs by the use of this portal. The details of the members become easily available to the group admins. The new members can be informed easily by emails (Kang, Tang Fiore, 2014). The online registration process can help in getting easy knowledge about the interested persona and can also help in knowing the experience of the participants in the events. This can initially help the community to think of making a better plan for the next events. Besides providing and collecting information the community can collect donations and can track the information of the donor. The main aim of online registration process is to provide easy and a convenient way of registration for the new members. The community can easily collect the information of the new members. More accurate and efficient way of including new members by removing the use of paper works. The main function of this process is that it will help in including members from different parts pf the world instead of a single country. The problem of running out of paper forms, taking of the proper ink pens and many more are avoided by this process. Online registration process removes the problem of avoiding the mand atory fields. That means a new applicant has to fill up the mandatory fields in order to complete the registration. Online registration process is almost user friendly and will prompt almost immediately so as to acknowledge the new applicant. One of the most important function of this process is that allows the applicant to apply according to their convenient time (Quan et al., 2014). There is no need of the community representatives to be present all the time during the process of registration thereby helping in saving the time of the group members. Security policies relate to online registration: The creation of the online portal by the group needs to follow various security policies. First of all, the group should think of securing the contents in the portal. Alert option should be enabled so as to get information whenever there is a breach in the security of the portal. The site must contain a bookmarklet so as to help everyone. Along with this the X-frame should be kept in the blocking mode helping in times of clickjacking attacks and any types of framing related attacks. For the purpose of avoiding SQL injection attacks the developer of the portal should prevent unwanted inputs from untrusted parties so that they do not interpret by being a part of the SQL command. The use of Query Parameterisation programming technique can be used for the purpose of avoiding the SQL injection attacks. For the purpose of storing passwords in the site the group must use the three techniques that are use of one-way algorithm, use of salt and the use of an algorithm that is purposely slow. T his can help in preventing the GPU cracking rigs and any type of similar resources that can expose the password (Heath, 2012). Use of the certain algorithms like the SCRYPT and the PBKDF2 can help in avoiding this type of problems. The use sophisticated and important programming technique can help in avoiding the contextual output encoding problem. For the purpose of preventing forgery, the group must tell the developer to deploy cryptographic tokens so that the users can re authenticate so as to complete the transaction or any type of events (Martins, Oliveira Popovi?, 2014). There should exist a multiple authentication process. For the purpose of requesting new passwords in case if the user has forgotten the old password then there should be proper process for validating the identity of the user. There should exist a security question or the use of a verification code by the use of out-of-band method. Backup and recovery of data: Backup is nothing but the replication of the data in certain memory locations for the purpose of recovering the data if they are lost. Backup of data is something that every organisation needs. By backing up all the necessary information and data according to their types can greatly help them recover the data in case of a disaster (Fu et al., 2014). Backup is essential because there are many cases where it is seen that the data once lost by accident or intentionally can never be recovered which leads to a large amount of difficulties. Therefore, if the data is stored in the backup then it can be easily recovered and can be reused. Backing up of data makes the file accessible at any time. In cases a hacker attacks the system or a virus from the internet attacks the system can lead to data loss. The data lost can be easily recovered if the data are backed up (Devi, Khanna, Bhalaji, 2014). The best place for backing up the data is the use of the cloud storage. Cloud storage is the latest technology that is being used by most of the organisations for the purpose of storing data and creating backups. Cloud backup is nothing but a process of creating backup online. Cloud backup includes the making of a copy of the data on a private network and then send it to an off-site server. This type of servers is mainly hosted by the third party service providers. The group can use their funds to pay the fees of the providers. This type of fees is based on the capacity of the storage, bandwidth and many more things. The data stored is in the digital form. The providers are mainly responsible the storing of the data. The cloud backup provides the facility to the group to recover their data from the cloud at any time and from any location. Services provided by the cloud is accessible almost from any location (Alhazmi, Malaiya, 2013). Users are able to access the important files, data , documents and IT tools from any device having an access to internet. The security features of the cloud storage are also high. The group has to pay only for storing the data. The process of backing up of data occurs remotely. The facility provided by the service providers that is the building up of the whole cloud backup system around the groups software requirement. This is running according to the schedule which is determined by the purchased level of the service. The group should pay so that there is a contract with the service providers for the daily backups. The recovery time needed by the use the use of cloud is much more than the traditional backup processes that is by the use of tapes or a disks (Suttisirikul, Uthayopas, 2012). The company must make an estimate of the time required for restoration of the backup data. In tapes, a company can keep backups of data on a monthly, weekly, quarterly and annual basis. Backup from tapes is time saving as well as restoration can be done from any point in time. Whereas in cloud backup process there is continuous replication of data and changes overwrites the previous file. This is advantageous as it saves time and bandwidth but it is also disadvantageous du ring the need of an older version of the files (Mkandawire, 2012). Consulting with the service provider if they keep an older version of files helps in solving the problem. Conclusion: The discussion helps us to conclude that the above discussed systems and the way of backing up the data can be very much beneficial for the community along with meeting the needs of the community. The use of the online registration process can greatly help the community in including new members to the community. Along with including new members they can also provide an assured security about the informations of the new members. The various of benefits of using an online portal as discussed above proves to be best system for the community. Along with this the report also helps to conclude that the best storage location for the backup is the use of the cloud. The cloud provides lots of security options thereby heling out the community a lot. The total report helps in understanding the requirement of creating the new system for the community to meet its demands. proper communication with the service providers and understanding the terms and conditions of the service providers can greatl y facilitate the community. Not only this the community can also organise a better event in the future. Reference: Alhazmi, O. H., Malaiya, Y. K. (2013, January). Evaluating disaster recovery plans using the cloud. InReliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS), 2013 Proceedings-Annual(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Chang, V. (2015). Towards a Big Data system disaster recovery in a Private Cloud.Ad Hoc Networks,35, 65-82. Devi, M. S., Khanna, V. V., Bhalaji, A. N. (2014). Enhanced Dynamic Whole File De-Duplication (DWFD) for Space Optimization in Private Cloud Storage Backup.International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing,4(4), 376. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. (2013). The benefits of Facebook friends: Social capital and college students use of online social network sites.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,12(4), 1143-1168. Fu, Y., Jiang, H., Xiao, N., Tian, L., Liu, F., Xu, L. (2014). Application-aware local-global source deduplication for cloud backup services of personal storage.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,25(5), 1155-1165. Heath, S. (2012).U.S. Patent Application No. 13/712,919. Kang, J., Tang, L., Fiore, A. M. (2014). Enhancing consumerbrand relationships on restaurant Facebook fan pages: Maximizing consumer benefits and increasing active participatio Qin, X., Salter-Townshend, M., Cunningham, P. (2014, January). Exploring the Relationship between Membership Turnover and Productivity in Online Communities. InICWSM. n.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 145-155. Martins, C., Oliveira, T., Popovi?, A. (2014). Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application.International Journal of Information Management,34(1), 1-13. Mehr, J. D., Murphy, E. E., Virk, N., Sosnosky, L. M. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,935,366. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Mkandawire, S. (2012). Improving backup and restore performance for deduplication-based cloud backup services. Nimrod, G. (2012). The membership life cycle in online support groups.International Journal of Communication,6, 23. Quan, J., Chan, M. A., Moss, T., Fleming, M. K. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,747,232. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Rodgers, R. F., Skowron, S., Chabrol, H. (2012). Disordered eating and group membership among members of a pro?anorexic online community.European Eating Disorders Review,20(1), 9-12. Suttisirikul, K., Uthayopas, P. (2012, December). Accelerating the cloud backup using gpu based data deduplication. InParallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), 2012 IEEE 18th International Conference on(pp. 766-769). IEEE.

Wit and Donne free essay sample

Connections enrich understanding in pairs of texts set for study. To what extent is this made evident in the texts you have studied? Connections between John Donne’s Selective Poems and Margaret Edson’s play Wit to a great extent enrich the audiences understanding of each text and the themes of death and love. When these texts are studied together it is evident through continual intertextual reference that Donne has heavily influenced the play Wit. Although the texts differ contextually, with Donne’s 17th Century poetry and Edson’s 20th Century script writing, their contextual connections allow an enriched understanding of both the texts. Death is conveyed to a large extent within Donne’s poems of Holy Sonnets. As with many poets in the Renaissance area Donne was obsessed death. He was intrigued by the mystery of death and, due to his Catholic upbringing and his own Christian values, was convinced of the existence of an afterlife. What Donne struggles with within these Holy Sonnets is how he can settle on a particular view on the subject. One of the Holy Sonnets, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud†, presents Donne’s inner conflict. In this particular poem John Donne states that death is something that should not be feared but conquered, due to the faith he has in the presence of an afterlife. Through the personification of death in the first two lines, â€Å"Death be not proud, though some have called thee/Mighty and dreadful†, death is given a personality, an identity. It is due to this literary technique that Donne can put an emphasis on the idea that Christians have victory over death, and the promise of eternal life. That it is in this afterlife that death, no matter how â€Å"Mighty† or â€Å"dreadful† will have no hold over them. Donne is able to directly address death, and speak his mind in a way in which is normally restricted to person-to-person communication. During the 17th Century mortality was a big issue in society with the average woman giving birth to between 8-10 children. There was a high infant and child mortality rate with one in every three infants dying before the age of one. John Donne experienced much death due to the death of his father, his youngest brother and three of his children at this point in time. It is due to this experience that Donne wished to remove any power death had over himself and his family. As one reads furthermore into this poem Donne elaborates on the concept of victory over death. This is portrayed in the lines, â€Å"And dost with poison, warre, and sicknesse dwell/And poppie, or charmes can make us sleepe as well†. Donne is saying within these lines that you dwell within sleep and sickness but we can make ourselves sleep as well therefore you are not as amazing as you think you are. Donne uses a ridiculing tone in order to belittle death, to remove any power in which death holds over himself and the reader. Therefore making himself, and his faith in the afterlife, better than death. Death remains something that simply has to be conquered. Donne’s contextual connections, evident through his Holy Sonnets, in particular â€Å"Death Be Not Proud†, can be seen to enrich the responder’s understanding of the text and the theme of death. Death is conveyed to a large extent in the play Wit written by Margaret Edson. The theme of death in this play was greatly influenced by Edson’s work as a clerk in an oncology unit at a research hospital in Washington. In this unit there was a trial occurring for new drugs in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Edson was able to observe how patients coped with their illnesses and often the dehumanising of the busy hospital environment. In Wit death is seen as the enemy, something the doctors fight against and losing is seen as a failure, death is a lingering fear within the hospital environment. The main character, Vivian, has spent her whole life hiding behind Donne’s words, it is only when Vivian faces death herself that she is forced to discover her own views on death and the afterlife. Through Edson’s use of flashbacks the audience is able to view the way in which Vivian connects and identifies with John Donne’s poems and the fear in which she has for death. This is portrayed in the scene in which Vivian goes back to her old college Professor, E. M. Ashford. Vivian’s fear is shown through the use of ellipsis’ as Vivian feels uncomfortable due to the fact that she can no longer hide behind words. Furthermore Vivian’s view on death is also conveyed in this scene as Vivian believes there is far more separating life and death than that of a comma, a breath, as said by E. M Ashford. Death, towards the end of the play, becomes an acceptance for Vivian as she finally embraces the true faith in which Donne had towards an afterlife and overcomes her salvation anxiety. Vivian begins to crave kindness and comfort when she never has before, this conveys Vivian’s change of heart. Through the quote â€Å"â€Å"It†: such a small word. In this case I think â€Å"it† signifies being alive† one can see that Vivian no longer feels the pull towards life as she did in the beginning of the play. The audience knows when Vivian is truly ready to die upon Vivian’s stage direction as she â€Å"attempts a grand summation† as if trying to conjure up her own ending. She then recites her original interpretation of John Donne’s â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† where only a breath separates life from death. Thus one can observe that through contextual connections that a greater understanding can be obtained in relation to the play Wit by Margaret Edson and the theme of death. Furthermore it is through these connections that an improved insight into the Holy Sonnets of the poet John Donne can be achieved. Love is conveyed to a large extent within John Donne’s as a blinding force, one in which completes the lover’s life. Donne ignores the reality of love and instead writes about what is beyond reality, the metaphysical. In 1601 Donne secretly married a young seventeen-year-old girl by the name of Anne More. It is of the love he felt for his wife that is mentioned within many of Donne’s poetry. â€Å"The Relique† describes a love that can conquer death, a love that is so pure and unconditional that nothing else is of importance to them. The use of exclusive pronouns such as â€Å"he† and â€Å"us† describes the way in which it was the lover’s against the world. â€Å"Then he, that digs us up†. It is through these exclusive pronouns that the audience is separated from the lovers, the viewer cannot possibly understand what the lovers have as it is only between them. Donne wrote about how the love of his wife and himself would go beyond this life and travel with them into the afterlife. It was upon her death that Donne wrote â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† which describes his everlasting love for her. The purity of this love is furthermore emphasised by the use of biblical allusion within â€Å"The Relique† with the mention of â€Å"the last busy day† and â€Å"Mary Magdelen†. Through this technique the reader is able to further understand the divine nature of the lover’s relationship. A relationship that transcends the physical body and in doing so enters a metaphysical state. Therefore it is through Donne’s contextual connections within â€Å"The Relique† and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† that ones understanding of his poems can be enriched along with the recurring theme of love. The theme of love is conveyed within the play Wit by Margaret Edson as that of kindness. The protagonist, Vivian, begins to crave love from those around her and becomes frustrated by the doctor’s clinical attitude towards her situation. When Edson worked as a clerk within a research hospital she was able to view the clinical nature of the busy staff, with doctors occasionally forgetting the patients emotional needs, only focusing on their physical needs. This is seen through the use of a flashback as Vivian is taken back to a class in which she showed no compassion towards a student who did not understand a question she was asking, then again when she refuses to give an extension. Given her newfound desire for affection Vivian is now able to reflect on her behaviour and even regret it. Through the use of asides the audience is able to gain further insight into the internal struggle of Vivian as she battles with her exploration of love. This is seen when Susie calls Vivian â€Å"Sweet heart† and Vivian allows it saying, â€Å"I can’t believe my life has become so†¦ corny†. It is here that the audience can convey that there truly has been a shift in Vivian’s view on love and how she now needs it as she approaches death, becoming more and more dependent on other people. Thus through contextual connections a greater understanding can be obtained about the text Wit and furthermore about the theme of love. In conclusion the contextual connections between the 17th Century poems of John Donne and the 20th Century play Wit by Margaret Edson allow an enriched understanding of each text and therefore a greater appreciation for the themes of death and love within these two texts.

Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights

Introduction Social emotional learning should be offered to students in every school district. Through social emotional learning, the students will be able to uphold the governing principle of individual rights. This paper explores the principle of individual rights and how it relates to social emotional learning. The importance of the introduction of social emotional learning in schools is explored. Moreover, the principle of individual rights and the changes it has undergone throughout the history of the United States is discussed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Body Social emotional learning enables the students to manage their feelings and be able to relate with others and form constructive relationships. The students are also able to make wise decisions and deal with challenges that they face in their day to day lives. Through social emotional learning, students are able to acquire the skills necessary for them to function in the world successfully and be able to deal with different tasks in their lives as future citizens. Social emotional learning molds individuals’ character and enables them to be responsible. Moreover, the students become responsible citizens as they learn to be responsible for their actions, take care of their health and relate better with other citizens (Zins 12). One of the guiding principles of the United States government is individual rights. The principle states that the citizens have rights that should be protected and not violated. The basic rights of every citizen should be protected. These rights include the right to life, the right to liberty, and the right to pursue happiness. Through social emotional learning, the students will be able to succeed in their studies and contribute to the wellbeing of the society. They will be able to achieve their goals, have meaningful relationships with others and therefore, achieve happiness. They will be able to respect and sympathize with others and therefore not violate their rights. They will thus be able to uphold the principle of individual rights. The introduction of social emotional learning in schools is an effort to enable the students to understand the concept of individual rights from an early age in order to espouse the principle later on as citizens. In order to increase the social emotional learning programs available to students, the Academic, Social and Emotional Learning Act of 2011 has been introduced by Judy Biggert, Dale Kildee, and Tim Ryan. Through this Act, the teachers will be able to instill all the necessary skills in their students in order to enable them to become responsible citizens in future.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The â€Å"Founding Fathers† inc luded the principle of individual rights in the Declaration of independence as one of the guiding principles of the United States government. Among the key Founding Fathers were George Washington, John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (Schwartz 68). All the other rights rest on the rights to life, liberty, and pursuing happiness. The Founding Fathers believed that the sole purpose of the government was to protect these rights. They also believed that an individual’s life does not belong to anyone else but to him/ her alone and therefore, they should have freedom to do whatever they please (Freehling 81). The implementation of the principle of individual rights enabled citizens to live freely without being submissive to any master. They were free to live their lives as they pleased and pursue their dreams and relate with others freely. The implementation of individual rights enabled the citizens to have access to other rights like freedom of speech and religion, among others. The principle of individual rights has continued to be upheld through the enactment of several statutes, for instance, Section 1983 of title 42 of the United States Code (Blackmun 1). Moreover, the constitutions of the states have been revived to uphold the principle of human rights (Brennan 535). However, what the Founding Fathers believed in has changed over time. The United States government has over the years introduced programs and laws that do not protect individual rights. The rights of citizens are being violated and therefore, the government is going against the concept of individual freedom that was introduced by the Founding Fathers. For instance, the citizens’ right to property is violated through taxation where their money is taken and distributed to others. Moreover, re-distributing of wealth violates the rights of people who have worked hard for it since each individual has a right to what he/she has wor ked for. The right to the citizen’s body is violated through prohibiting the consumption of particular foods. The government also violates the right of individuals through welfare programs since the individuals are denied the freedom of using their money as they please. The rights of businessmen to set the prices that they deem suitable for their products have been violated through the enactment of anti-trust laws.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The right of individuals to choose how to invest in their future has also been violated through Social Security. In addition, business regulations by the government have violated the right of individuals to make their own decisions regarding their property. Therefore, the original vision of the Founding Fathers to have a nation where each citizen’s individual rights a re protected has been corrupted. Therefore, social emotional learning should be incorporated in all schools in order to enable the students to understand how to live with others and embrace the true meaning of individual rights. The major skills that the students gain include understanding their feelings and those of others, ability to manage anger, mood and impulses, the ability to set and achieve goals, the ability to sympathize with others and the ability to manage relationships and resolve conflicts (Zins 30). With these skills, the students can in future be able to take the country back to the ideals of the Founding Fathers and change the current government programs and laws that contravene the individual rights of the citizens. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident that the introduction of social emotional learning in schools is a very noble idea as it prepares the students to become responsible citizens in future. The students are able to learn about the princip le of individual rights. The relationship between social emotional learning and individual rights has been discussed and the changes that the principle of individual rights has undergone have been highlighted. Over the years, there has been a deviation by the government from the original ideals of the Founding Fathers regarding individual rights. Therefore, social emotional learning should be introduced in all school districts in order to enable the students to shape the laws and programs of the United States government in future in such a way that the principle of individual rights will be upheld. Works Cited Blackmun, Harry. â€Å"Section 1983 And Federal Protection Of Individual Rights – Will The Statute Remain Alive Or Fade Away?† New York University Law Review 60.1 (1985): 1. Print. Brennan, William. â€Å"The Bill Of Rights and the States: The Revival of State Constitutions as Guardians of Individual Rights.† New York University Law Review 61.4 (1986): 535 . Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Freehling, William. â€Å"The Founding Fathers and slavery.† The American Historical Review 77.1 (1972): 81-93. Print. Schwartz, Bernard. The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill Of Rights. USA: Rowman Littlefield, 1992. Print Zins, Joseph. Building Academic Success On Social And Emotional Learning: What Does The Research Say? USA: Teachers College Press, 2004. Print This research paper on Social Emotional Learning and Individual Rights was written and submitted by user Jordyn D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding Specific Needs- Health and Social Care Related free essay sample

Understanding Specific Needs- Assignment 1 This assignment on understanding specific needs will look into the perceptions that people have of health, disability, illness and behaviour in a health and social care context. It will also look into and explain how attitudes towards individuals with specific needs and perceptions of those needs change over time and differ between cultures. I will then analyse how legislation, society, culture and social policy interact to influence attitudes toward and service development for individuals with specific needs. The World Health Organisation (WHO, 1946) describes health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. Concepts related to health and social care that have been adapted to define health and disease in individuals include disability, illness, impairment, sickness and behaviour to name a few. These concepts may be misused by individuals who don’t actually understand the term. In order to be a competent and professional health and social care practitioner it is extremely important to understand the correct definition and have the correct perceptions of health, disability and wellbeing, if not, we may end up offending individuals in our care without meaning too. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Specific Needs- Health and Social Care Related or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is hard to find a correct definition for ‘impairment’ and ‘disability’ but WHO describes impairment as ‘any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function’- an example of this would include someone who has suffered from a stroke and as a result loses function of one side of their body. They then go on to describe disability as ‘any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the matter or within the range considered normal for a human being’ followed by an example of ‘limited functioning of leg leads to inability to walk’. When it comes to illness, disease and sickness it is sometimes hard to differentiate between the three. Although they are quite closely related to one another they do each mean different things. Jones, 1994 described disease as a specific condition of ill health in a patient. Illness is about how you feel- it is related to disease in that you may have a particular disease but still feel well. Some people believe that if a person is ill they have a disease but this however is not always the case- a disease is a physical change or abnormality in the human body. A relevant example to highlight the difference between a disease and illness would be HIV and some forms of cancer- sufferers can live everyday relatively normal without feeling ill or sick while taking the correct medication. Most diseases will affect our behaviour if diagnosed- most obvious behaviour change could be feeling down in the dumps/ sad about the impact the disease may have on your own day to day life. However, it doesn’t have to be a problem- some people may be diagnosed with a disease, be optimistic and look at the ‘problems’ it poses but then be motivated to change those problems. Disease is the most likely out of the terms that would be most commonly used in health and social care as it is noticeable and certain whereas illness and sickness are feelings. A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities†. (Disability Discrimination Act 1995) I previously touched briefly on disability and WHO’s definition, however I have become more and more aware of disability and those who suffer from a disability within my own placement work in the c ollege helping out and assisting the students who have learning disabilities, therefore I can relate more to it. I agree with the above definition as the students in my placement, although a lot older than me; can’t complete the tasks that I take for granted everyday as well as us who don’t have a disability. I feel that by the college offering classes and providing facilities for those who have a disability is very positive and from having firsthand experience I feel that the staff do a very positive and great job with the students. There is also a door to door service available for those who are in wheelchair due to problems with their mobility- this bus collects students from their door and brings then directly to the college. This is also positive as in the past this was not available. In general I feel that discrimination against those who suffer from a disability is getting better- examples of this include ramps for wheel chair accessibility onto buses and trains which was not available in the past. I feel like we as a society are talking a step in the right direction in bringing equality to all including those who have a disability. According to Wolfensburger, 1972, the social roles perceptions of people with learning disabilities include subhuman, sick, menace, object of dread and object of ridule. The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society is organised, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference. It looks at ways of removing barriers that restrict life choices for disabled people. When barriers are removed, disabled people can be independent and equal in society, with choice and control over their own lives. The medical model of disability says people are disabled by their impairments or differences. Under the medical model, these impairments or differences should be fixed or changed by medical and other treatments, even when the impairment or difference does not cause pain or illness. The medical model looks at what is wrong with the person and not what the person needs. It creates low expectations and leads to people losing independence, choice and control in their own lives. An example of both models in action would be a wheelchair user wants to get into a building with a step at the entrance. Under a social model solution, a ramp would be added to the entrance so that the wheelchair user is free to go into the building immediately. Using the medical model, there are very few solutions to help wheelchair users to climb stairs, which excludes them from many essential and leisure activities. Each models have their individual strengths and weaknesses however I do feel that the one that I agree with most is the social model- I believe that the mind is a powerful thing, and thinking positively and pushing ourselves to reach our full potential is extremely important in how we develop- I believe that by the social model encouraging independence of those who are disabled they are doing exactly this. In saying this I of course still understand the importance of the medical side and its importance in disability. The most recent model in relation to disability is the affirmative model and it is all about celebrating diversity. In 2000, John Swain and Sally French came up with the idea for the new model. They believed that yes the social model was great from promoting independence and equality however with this, people were still going to see disabled people as a personal tragedy and feel sympathetic towards them and therefore they would never be treated equal to those without a disability. So the Affirmative Model was initially proposed as a counter to this personal tragedy narrative of impairment. It is expressed in the voices of people who say, Deafness is normal for me. I wouldn’t want to be other than Deaf. Or, I’ve been blind since birth. Why would I want to change? This is who I am. Or, I have learning difficulties. I have Down’s Syndrome but I don’t ‘suffer’ from Down’s Syndrome. This is who I am as a person. This is me. It encourages disabled people to be happy in the people that they are and in my opinion they should do exactly this. We as health and social care workers must be advocates to the disabled in our society. We must speak out and act persuasively on behalf of anyone in our cares rights and just in general should speak up for everyone’s rights. We must do so because of legislative requirements, our code of practice and care value base but most of all because we feel it is right to do so. Although, as mentioned above, Northern Ireland as a society is becoming more and more aware and accommodating to the needs of the disabled it has been quite a long time coming in comparison to other countries, Sweden being a prime example. There is a huge difference in how disabled people are treated here and how they are treated in Sweden. Sweden follow the Nordic Model which has characteristics such as welfare funded by high taxes (around 35%), universal welfare rights, high level of public/state interventions and political consensus and shared culture and belief. Benefits come from using the Nordic model and have helped Sweden in becoming the well thought of country it is today. For example, carers in Sweden can be off work for as long as they need and still be paid- they receive great benefits. It is a society focused on everyone which helps in the support of vulnerable people who are in need of help. Sweden has higher levels of social satisfaction and well being. They are great at negotiating issues and coming to agreements- there are very little strikes, protests and walk outs. In Sweden profit is not the most important focus- commitment to society is. They were also ahead of us in Northern Ireland in making significant decisions- one of these being the Grunewald’s 4 phases of care ervices which was introduced in 1974. The first phase in Grunewald’s phases of caring is diagnostic stage and ultimately identifying the problem. The next phase looks at the specialisation of the problem- this seen the need for a ‘specialist’ institution caring for people. The third phase of care services was differentiation which appreciated that one service was not enough and could not meet the need holistically therefore the development of multi disciplinary models was introduced. The final stage of Grunewald’s phases of caring was decentralisation- this ensured the integration of services and use of ‘ordinary’ facilities. This highlights just how quick and early Sweden were in discovering that those who had a disability in their country needed to be treated with equality and needed to be able to do the things that everyone else could do. The next part of the assignment will look into the development of community care in Northern Ireland which will then enable me to make fair comparisons between it and Sweden. Community care is not a new concept. The term however means different things to different people. This paper uses the term to mean care outside hospital’. Community care is in relation to those who previously lived in long stay institutions now live in and are cared for in the community. It ensures that those living in the community who need care, for example, older people, people with mental illness, learning/ physical disabil ity and those suffering from addiction, victims of abuse, homeless etc are facilitated to remain in the community. It is provided by three sectors; statutory sector which is the government/ Trusts, independent sector which is separate from the government and include voluntary organisations as well as private organisations and finally informal sector which is unpaid carers including relatives, friends neighbours etc. ‘Ever since the Health Service had been created, and indeed for long before it, the long stay services in hospitals for the mentally ill and elderly and handicapped had been a disgrace to a humane society. Glennerster (2000) P113 The 1960’s is when things started to change in relation to institutional care. Reductions in admission led the government to conclude that demand was not high, this alongside criticisms of institutional care from Barbara Robb’s book ‘Sans Everything’ as well as Geoffrey Howe’s critical inquiry into care at Ely Hospital for people with learning disabilities gave the government the recognition that things were not right h owever there were no solutions made in this decade. The next ecade, the 1970’s, presented better services debate on the agenda as well as beginnings of health service reform which was looking promising, however economic constraints led to not a whole lot of improvements being carried out. In the 1980’s much of the same negotiations took and things began to improve such as adult commission- making a reality of community care, cost of supplementary benefit spending on private residential and nursing care as well as Griffiths report on Community Care; Agenda for Action. The 1990’s saw the introduction of The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 as well as People First; Community Care in Northern Ireland for the 1990’s. After going through this timeline of the development of community care in Northern Ireland it is quite obvious that Sweden move a whole lot faster in developing their country for those in need. I feel like this is possibly down to the relationship between the public and the government in Sweden- they seem to have a good system and seem united in most decisions. As well as this their society focuses on everyone in the society, they support vulnerable people who are in need of help and this I feel needs improved in Northern Ireland. Although there have been many improvements from previous years it is quite obvious that we still lag very far behind not only Sweden but England and Wales as well. â€Å"Severe challenging behaviour refers to behaviour of such an intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or delay access to and use of ordinary community facilities. Emerson et al (1987) In our lifetime, most of us will come across instances of challenging behaviour, particularly those who work in health and social care environments. Behaviours that people find challenging can put people’s safety at risk, disrupt home life as well as stop a person taking part in everyday, ordinary social, educational and leisurel y activities. Challenging behaviour can affect a person’s development and their ability to learn. Problems are often caused as much by the way a person is supported – or not supported – as by their disabilities. People often behave in a ‘challenging’ way if they have problems understanding what’s happening around them or communicating what they want or need. The Alzheimer Society explained that ‘In many cases, challenging behaviours have meaning – the challenge is to figure out the significance, so that the behaviour can be managed, controlled or diverted’- this part of the assignment will look at the potential impact that challenging behaviour may have on health and social care organisations as well as analysing the strategies for working with challenging behaviours associated with specific needs. Challenging behaviour is often seen in people with conditions that affect communication and the brain, such as learning disabilities or dementia. Communication is the main way we interact and express our needs, likes and dislikes. If communication is a problem then it can be very frustrating for the person involved and may result in challenging behaviour. If this behaviour leads to a desired outcome, it may be repeated again and again. We as carers must be able to deal appropriately and effectively with challenging behaviour as we will more than likely face it in our career lifetime. As professionals we should determine whether the behaviour is challenging or safe for the person- it may be a problem for someone else which doesn’t trouble the individual at all. For example, if being in a large group of people makes the person you care for feel anxious and makes them become agitated, you could arrange for them to be in a smaller group or have one-to-one support- this will trigger challenging behaviour for some people but not everyone. In order to help deal with the behaviour we must try to understand the cause and why the person is behaving this way. We can start doing this by figuring out what has happened just before the behaviour, looking for any triggers, as well as determining what happened after the incident- it is extremely important to remember not to make assumptions as to what the cause of the behaviour is as this may bring on further challenging behaviour. Simple explanations can be the cause of challenging behaviour such as boredom and frustration as well as changes in routine, sometimes the behaviour is caused simply for a way to get attention. We must try to find the suitable solutions to meet the person’s needs and must be prepared to try different approaches in order to find the correct one. It is important to remember that challenging behaviour can usually be managed with good support and that teaching new communication skills is key in reducing the behaviour. If you as a carer are finding it hard to cope with the behaviour of the person you look after, you can ask your GP to refer you to a specialist with knowledge of challenging behaviour. The specialist will want to know what situations or people trigger the behaviour, what the early warning signs are, and what happens after the event. As well as this, there are organisations set up in order to cope with dealing with challenging behaviour, for example, many organisations for people with learning disabilities or dementia have strategies for coping with challenging behaviour. Some of these organisations also provide opportunities for carers to connect with other people in a similar situation including through family linking schemes. Similarly, family of the person with challenging behaviour can be affected by it and also need help and support. They most likely will be suffering from high levels of stress and often have emotional or physical problems of their own- they should seek help from a specialist, for example a ‘behaviour support team’ or they could alternatively speak to someone who is in a similar situation and therefore understanding of their own circumstances. Another option would be to seek comfort in speaking to a family counselling and support service. Physical Intervention can, sometimes, come along with challenging behaviour however this should only ever happen if needs be. Physical intervention can include restraints such as arm splints or helmets but again should only ever be implemented as a last resort. If they are employed, it should be with clear guidelines on their use, and alongside a range of other ways of supporting the person with their behaviour. This should be recorded and regularly reviewed with a clear aim of eliminating their use. However, before any healthcare professional carries out any sort of physical intervention they should receive the correct training- this will not only teach them how to carry out the intervention properly ensuring the safety of themselves as well as the patient but also it will ensure that the carer has confidence in doing so. Overall it is quite obvious the importance that communication has in carers dealing with challenging behaviour, if we can communicate with our patients effectively as well as identifying the cause of the problem challenging behaviour will be kept to a minimal. Those suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are prone to experiencing challenging behaviour. Part of this assignment is to look at and evaluate a case study based on a school boy, Michael, who because of ADHD IS having trouble in school. Difficulties that he has include listening in class, completing homework’s, shouting out inappropriately during class as well as talking during class with this said it is obvious that he struggles with understanding the social constraints of the classroom. However one point from the case study that I feel is relevant and important to remember is that Michael attends a grammar school with a 1950’s style ethos which does suggest that the school is outdates and therefore may not accommodate correctly to those suffering from ADHD. After reading the case study, my class group devised a communication chart and came to the conclusion that Michael is simply trying to communicate but he may be misunderstood because of his ADHD- we believe that he may have little to no friends and that he may not be able to cope with the demand of work and therefore is falling behind all because of his disability, all of which would be extremely frustrating. It is evident that support is needed, not only in school but also at home from his family. This could include a recording device to help record homework such as a homework diary. Also I feel that it would be beneficial for the school teachers as well as pupils to become aware and be given more knowledge as to what ADHD actually is and its impact on those who suffer from its lives, obviously without pin pointing Michael- this would reduce stigma and people labelling Michael as a ‘problem child’. PIES is vital in the development of anyone and is particularly important for those with specific needs such as Michael. When looking at the physical aspect I feel that physical activity in after school sports would be beneficial in Michaels development- not only would this keep him physically healthy but it would also ensure his social needs improve as he would be interacting and making new friends with other students. As well as this Michael should have a set routine at home, for example getting the correct amount of sleep and eating a health balanced diet. Intellectually it is obvious that improvements need to happen if Michael is to prosper in school. I feel that it is vitally important that he gets one to one attention from a teaching assistant- this way he could seek help from the teaching assistant by asking him/her questions rather than shouting out loud and interrupting the class. The school could also contribute by changing their teaching style by making it more up to date and interactive to suit all students, including Michael. Finally, as mentioned previously, extra support at home would be beneficial and effective communication between Michael’s parent and teachers would help develop his intellectual needs. Emotional support will help in Michael’s development in school. A school counsellor could be provided to help him with his transition from Primary school, in which the case study points out he had no problems, to secondary school where there are obvious problems. Another idea could be that the school could develop different methods of dealing with challenging behaviour rather than strict punishment, for example they could calmly speak to Michael and try to understand the problems that he may be having. Finally, in terms of Michael’s social development it would appear he has very little friends in school. As mentioned above, taking part in extracurricular activities could help develop Michael socially and would result in him making friends. After assessing the case study it is extremely obvious that the main implementation for Michael should be a person centred approach and under the Children (NI) Order 1995 Michael is entitled to receive this. â€Å"Put simply, person-centred planning is a way of discovering what people want, the support they need and how they can get it. It is evidence-based practice that assists people in leading an independent and inclusive life. Person-centred planning is both an empowering philosophy and a set of tools for change, at an individual, a team and an organisational level. It shifts power from professionals to people who use services. † http://www. dh. gov. uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_115249. pdf- accessed on 1/5/13. The school should recognise and be aware of Michael’s own needs and problems that he may have and they should accommodate these otherwise Michael could find the help he needs elsewhere. It should implement person centred thinking tools such as ‘The Doughnut’ which is particularly relevant to Michael as it helps promote independence by identifying responsibilities and avoiding the tendency to treat people with specific needs differently from everybody else which is exactly what Michael would not want. A good idea would also be for the school and Michael’s family to come together every month and assess how things are progressing, stating what’s working and what needs improved further. Person centred approaches bring a number of positive outcomes as they are a targeted intervention and they manage challenging behaviour through prevention- they should definitely be implemented in Michael’s case. After looking at challenging behaviour, the strategies and tools that can help cope with it and how to deal with people suffering from it as health and social care professionals, I feel that above all, communication is the most important aspect. If we can communicate effectively we should be able to solve any problems. Like everything in Health and Social care partnership and working together makes things go a lot smoother. Person centred approaches are also very important in those who have challenging behaviour’s development. Risk management also helps especially having a plan in the event of an emergency. Understanding Specific Needs- Assignment 2 One condition that can bring about challenging behaviour, as well as ADHD, is dementia. In order to care for those who have dementia, we as carers must have a better understanding of what the disease is and what it involves. According to the Alzheimers Disease International 2010, there are 7. 7 million new cases of dementia each year- highlighting the severity of the condition. Previously dementia was viewed as an inevitable part of the ageing process and individuals who had it were characterised as ‘senile old people who have lost their mind’. Many still hold on to this view and as a result individuals often go misdiagnosed by professionals, individuals and families (Berr et al, 2005). However as time has went on it has become more recognised as a mental health condition, given the medical definition of ‘Dementia is the insidious onset and progression of cognitive and/or behavioural symptoms that constitute a departure from the individual’s customary way of thinking and/or behaving. Wicklund and Weintruab 2005. As a result of this more research into the condition has been carried out. Dementia is not classified as a disease but rather a symptom, it indicates that the brain is not functioning ‘normally’ but researchers can not specify the cause or source of the ‘malfunction’. Dementia affects individuals i ndependence and as a result their daily living as well as social relationships. Their personality can change and their memory lost. Their emotional responsiveness changes alongside their language, reasoning, judgement and ability to communicate all of which can be very hard for loved ones to come to terms with. Alzheimer’s Scotland 2003 stress that being diagnosed with dementia is not ‘the end of the road’ and while it brings great changes and challenges ‘there’s still a whole world to enjoy’. A lot of individuals suffering from dementia, depending on the severity, live in care settings simply because they can become difficult for family members alone to look after. In my own experience of working in a care home I know too well about the care that those with dementia need. As carers it is important that we promote as much independence on those with dementia. It is important to help them remain as fit and healthy as possible- both mentally and physically. In my own care home we would fulfil this by simply taking residents for walks around the garden ensuring that they get some fresh air and aren’t just sitting in their chair all day. All principles of practice still apply for dementia individuals, we should respect their dignity when washing, respect their privacy by knocking their door before entering as well as respecting their personal style and identity when dressing them- this is reassuring for family member when visiting. As dementia develops, it can cause behaviour changes that can be confusing, irritating or difficult for others to deal with, leaving carers and family members feeling stressed, irritable or helpless. By learning to understand the meaning behind the actions, it can be easier to stay calm and deal effectively with the challenges that arise. Examples of changes in behaviour include asking the same question over and over again- in this case we should try encouraging the individual to find the answer for themselves and also ensure that we are patient and understanding. One example that is relevant to me and probably others working in a care home is residents repeatedly asking to go home; in this case we should be extremely understanding and reassure them that they are in a safe place and loved. As a result of looking after loved ones with dementia, we can sometimes neglect ourselves and it can become emotionally and physically draining. Pinquart and Sorenson (2004) suggest that the impact of caring for a person with dementia is greater than caring for a physically frail elder due to a number of challenges specific to caring for a person with dementia. Dementia results in an increased need for supervision which in turn can result in the carer becoming isolated and having no time for their own spare time activities. In making recommendations for inventions to support carers of people with dementia, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and the Social Care Institute for Excellence (NICE- SCIE) took into account the findings from the research literature. The most successful interventions are tailored and multi- component, including for example: Individual or group psycho- education Peer support groups with other carers Training courses about dementia, services and benefits, and communication and problem solving in the care of people with dementia Involvement of other family members All of this highlights the importance of information on dementia and how important education on dementia is for carers. Counselling sessions have also proved valuable for carers of those with dementia. Mittelman et al (1995, 1996, 2005) set up i ndividual and family counselling, support groups and access to long term telephone support. Content would include learning techniques for managing behaviour or promoting better communication between concerned family members. There has been no formal replication of the model in the UK but the service offered by Admiral Nurses is similar in that they provide long term, carer focused support. It is obvious that in the past dementia has been perceived wrong by the public, however with more and more research and exposure as to what the condition actually is and how it affects those who have it I feel that people have begun to realise just how serious it is as well as just how much it changes not only the lives of those suffering from it but also their loved ones as well as their carers. In order to continue with this progress I feel it is extremely important for future nurses, carers and people in general to be fed information on what dementia is, how it can affect us and how we can cope with the condition in our daily lives, for example by providing more support services for carers and families in need. Bibliography World Health Organisation 1946 1984 cited in L Ewles I Simnet [2003] â€Å"Promoting Health – A Practical Guide† 5th Ed London, Balliere Tindall L Jones [1994] â€Å"The Social Context of Health and Health Work† London Macmillan http://www. disabilityartsonline. org. uk/affirmative-model-of-disability- accessed on 1/5/13 http://www. scope. org. uk/about-us/our-brand/talking-about-disability/social-model-disability- accessed on 1/5/13 Grunewald [1974] The Mentally Retarded in Sweden† Swedish Institute, Stockholm CCETSW, Conn, L. and

Leadership and Organizational Studies, Dollar Tree

Leadership and Organizational Studies, Dollar Tree Free Online Research Papers Dollar Tree is the nation’s largest single price point retail with over 3300 stores across the United States. Originally founded in 1953 by K.R. Perry under the name of Ben Franklin variety stores. Then in 1970 Macon Brock, Doug Perry, Ray Compton and K.R. Perry changed the name to KK 5and 10 and a few additional stores were then opened. In 1986 the first Dollar Tree was opened and the KK stores were sold to K.B. Toys. (Associate Handbook 2006) By 1995 Dollar Tree began being traded on NASDAQ and by 2009 Dollar Tree stores numbered over 3300 coast to coast and being headquartered in Chesapeake Virginia. In addition to the stores Dollar Tree also operates 12 distribution centers with the logistics being mostly contracted out to Swift Trucking. During the four years employed by Dollar Tree several issues have been noticed that have lead to organizational and leadership problem. The first issue noticed is the rate of pay and lack of consistent pay increases. While many other retail organizations are starting associates with experience above minimum wage Dollar Tree does not. In addition other retail and no retail business to be competitive try and give wages above minimum wage and again Dollar Tree will not. Once someone is hired by Dollar Tree the method for reviews and raises is not set in writing and many store managers do not even bother to give part time associates reviews and raises when they are deserved. This has created some very poor job performance and job satisfaction. The is the hours kept by store management. The store managers are salaried managers and are required to work at least 48 hours. Many store managers have been told to work until the job is done or do whatever it takes to make sure your store is to standards. That can mean anything, store managers have worked open (7 am) to close (930pm) many times in one week because their stores were not up to company standards or a delivery was late or a sick call by an assistant manager. But mainly it is the attitude that the store manager will do whatever it takes that can and has ruined are marred job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is and was low also because of the procurement and logistics. Dollar Tree stocks their stores based largely on a computer assisted ordering system , which is when an item is sold in the store it begins to generate an order to restock that item. It sounds and should be an excellent tool, but there are other factors involved which confuse and complicate the restocking. Store size and sales also affect store’s orders. Procurement has not updated many of the stores data that affect these orders. For example the store I ran in Bedford Virginia was 13,000 square feet and should have a sales goal of 2 m illion a year. In reality the store began sales at 850,000 when I took over and when I left sales were at 1.25 million. While the 1.25 million was a bit more in line with the stores sales projection it was not enough to handle the excess stock that allocations were sending to the store. This created frustration because the staff was spending more time than needed unloading trucks. The unloading of trucks was another issue that caused frustration within management and with associates. All product was hand stacked on the trucks not palletized. This meant unstable loads, damaged product, ,long hours unloading trucks and at times late trucks forcing others to stay late or causing only management to unload to save payroll. Being a store manager meant 8 weeks of training and for assistants it meant 2 weeks of training. When I was hired I was in and out of training in 4 weeks and made to help train other store and assistant store managers. This was extremely aggravating to me and those I was training. So many mistakes were made by me and I was training them. In the end I was demoted from a DST( district store trainer) managing a high bonusing store to a store manager in a store that was struggling and in a bad area of Mesa, Az. Not only have I been unsatisfied with the company and my job because of training but so have many others I have tried to train as my assistants or regular associates. We were never given extra training hours to successfully train any new employee. We were forced to schedule them in a shift that was meant for regular production or cashiering, therefore, we were not able to successfully train them on true policies and procedures. Lastly, Dollar Tree’s upper management was not consistent in following through on adhering to policies and procedures and making changes when needed. When changes were made, they were implemented suddenly and this caused frustration and poor job satisfaction. Also, when it came to discipline, what was done for one person was not done for someone else in the same type of scenario. There was also inconsistencies in salaries in the form of higher pay for males, younger experienced managers, and in some cases, higher pay for certain ethnic backgrounds. According to Free Management Library Job satisfaction is in regard to ones feelings or states of why associates are disgruntled are poor wages and the company taking an attitude of â€Å"if you do not like it go work somewhere else†. (Fedec 2010) This dissatisfaction is not just at a single store level. It is multiple stores, in multiple states. It affects everyone from store manager to cashier at each store. It also has been noted to have affected district managers in some states. Poor job satisfaction affects stores in several ways: a. understaffing- no one wants to work for a company that is not paying at a competitive rate nor are they are consistent in giving raises and benefits. b. work not being done poor job satisfaction means poor job performance. Associates will not want to work at their peak performance if they are not happy with their job. c. high turnover- Because of low job satisfaction associates will not want to stay at their jobs very long. Creating high turnover rate in many competitive markets were there are other jobs to be found. d. stores are not well stocked and recovered- as understaffing occurs store conditions and customer service diminish. All stores should have trucks unloaded and new stock to the sales floor within 48 hours. In addition every night items that have been misplaced throughout the store need to be picked up and placed in the area that they belong. Also product should be pulled forward on the shelves to give a full appearance. These occur not just because of understaffing because of poor job satisfaction but also because of poor job satisfaction. No one wants to give 100% when they are not happy with their jobs. e. poor customer service- Customers are any businesses life blood . Organizations are in business to provide some service or product to a customer. If there is a lack of staff or lack of job satisfaction customers will not be treated to standards that are set by the company. Even if the company does not have a set customer service standard program a negative attitude will be shown on the faces , in the tone and the overall attitude of Dollar Tree associates. f. loss prevention issues- A big problem is loss prevention challenges. I have caught many associates as well as assistant managers stealing because they were not happy with their jobs. It was either poor wages, lack of concern for the associates by previous management, poor work conditions, and management just not monitoring the checks and balance that are in place to deter employee and customer theft. Much of Dollar Tree’s problem centers around their business model. They are a single price point retailer, they cannot raise their price from 1.00 to 1.50. This causes the organization to put tight controls on those expenses that are controllable, the biggest being payroll. In addition Dollar Tree must purchase very aggressively and when certain extreme values come procurements way they must take advantage even if it means overloading stores. In keeping with deliveries Dollar tree also saves money by not loading product on pallets because this give the warehouse the ability to stack product from floor to ceiling utilizing as much of the trucks as they can. If Dollar Tree was able to raise prices then we would have seen deliveries palletized as store orders and allocations would be decreased as the quantity of product sold would have decreased. The studying of employee satisfaction and how it affects an organization began In the 1980’s with Benjamin Schneider and his research on employee satisfaction.(Corporate Leadership 2003)Other studies have indicated that there is a link between employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, productivity, and financial performance: Unhappy employees are less productive and more likely to have higher absence rates Satisfied employees are more productive, innovative, and loyal Increases in job satisfaction lead to increases in employee morale, which lead to increased employee productivity Employee satisfaction leads to customer retention These points have been witnessed at Dollar Tree , any new store that I had taken over morale was low and so was productivity and absences were high. Once morale was increase by various methods associates wanted to come to work and productivity was higher than company standards. In an article on American Psychological Association’s website APA PsychNet it is also stated that there is a direct relationship between job satisfaction and customer satisfaction, productivity, profit, employee turnover, and accidents.(Harter 2002) One of the biggest reasons for low employee job satisfaction is related is the rate of pay or lack of pay increases. According to Colin Green and John S Heywood, pay is directly related to employee job satisfaction, job performance and satisfied with hours scheduled. (Green Heywood 2007)This means pay covers many problems an employee may have. Poor schedules can be fixed with a more solid hourly rate, poor job performance can be fixed with a raise. This i s such a shallow finding, that people would place all they care about second to money and it also means people can be bought. This is a poor attitude for so many organizations that have employees that will sell their soul for a higher wage. Though they may have a high productivity rate what of the quality of their work? It never seems to measure the quality only the quantity though in my experience someone who is very satisfied with their career not only has a high productivity rate but the quality of the work is generally flawless. That’s because those employees take ownership and pride in their careers. Unsatisfied employees skate by doing the minimum standard of their position. Retaining our employees is very important, and a high turnover is one area that has been noticed with poor job satisfaction at Dollar Tree. In an article entitled The satisfaction and retention of frontline employees: A customer satisfaction measurement approach by Roland T. Rust, Greg L. Stewart, Heather Miller,and Debbie Pielack, it is stated †that employee turnover is highest among employees who are not satisfied with their jobs. Because qualified employees are becoming more scarce and difficult to retain, organizations need to focus on increasing employee satisfaction.† The suggestion they give is treat an employee as customer. This illustrates how a customer satisfaction measurement approach can be applied to the measurement of employee attitudes. What a great idea if organizations would stop and think that employees are just as important as the people they sell too then employee satisfaction would grow. Retailers like Safeway spend so much time and money try i ng to give world class customer service that they forget the employee is the one that has to deliver this service and they should be treated just as equally important. Instead they get rated on how bad they do not how good they do when a mystery shopper comes in. (Graziano 2010)Their wages are cut and benefits are held back until they reach some ridiculous amount of hours worked. (Safeway union contract 2010) This to me does not promote job satisfaction it supports fear and a sense of let us just do enough to get by no more. In 1985 Heneman and Schwab used a PSQ Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire and studied 1,007 of a manufacturing firm and 95 employees from a healthcare firm. Depending on the job structure each of the 4 aspects, pay level, pay raises, pay structure-administration, and benefits affected employee satisfaction in some way. (Scarpello 2003 )So what Safeway had done with the union contract and what has been observed with Dollar Tree this research backs up that some of these if not all of the 4 factors will affect employee satisfaction. In observing what Dollar Tree has fell short in doing or providing to it’s associates, there is one main solution that needs to be accomplished. That is to be consistent in everything that they do. This sounds easy but all of their problems stem from not being consistent in following policy, pay structure, discipline, procurement, or to boil it down overall operational standards. In fact on a large level organizational restructuring has a positive response on employee satisfaction according to studies.(Howard, Frink 2010) We are not asking for a complete restructure just rethink and reintroduce new policies and procedures that will benefit the work force that is the front line service to the primary end user of your product and service. In speaking to an old District Manager out here in Arizona Rich Norkus Dollar Tree has begun to become more aware of their failing pay structure and has begun using a more consistent structure based on store volume or estimated store volume a nd experience. It seems each store has a salary for a store manager budgeted into it. That salary can fluctuate a few thousand dollars per year based on experience. (Norkus 2010) In addition the company is becoming more aware of reviews and raises with recent class action law suits against Wal Mart. Dollar Tree does not want to seem biased toward one class or gender and they are becoming more diligent in getting associates what they deserve and are entitled too. While the store managers are still working uncanny hours that is also being looked into as a law suit has been filed by several thousand current and ex store managers claiming unfair wages . In summation the claim goes after the excess hours store managers work during the holidays that is not currently laid out in the store manager’s job description. This would aid in some store managers having poor attitudes if they would get compensated for the 6th day they work and the loose of time with their families. The allocations and procurement has also been worked out according to Rich Norkus and Mike Moore my old district Manager in Virginia. The stores allocations and procurement needs have now been more closely linked to stores actual sales not their size or projected or supposed sales goal. It has been noted that load sizes have decreased slightly but the biggest issue is product being delivered that is not sellable in that area or store and the amount of excess product has decreased. The logistics department has been working harder at getting truck drivers to get loads thrown faster by giving help to the driver. This speeds the rate of unload time and more stores can be delivered in shorter period and earlier in the day. Managers no longer will work later to unload trucks and it alone. As a an ex store manager nothing irritated me more than waiting for a truck or waiting for a truck driver to unload the truck. Wasted time standing around I could have been home hours ago if the truck was on time. These steps that Dollar Tree has taken may in time solve some of their problems. I have spoke to several managers and they feel less stressed about their jobs and they sense associates are as well. They are beginning to feel more like a family again. The way it was 5 years and 1000 stores earlier. The growth of Dollar Tree is what hurt them in seems. They forgot where they started and really who helped them get to where they are now. That is why I no longer with the company some Human resource managers forgot what I did for the company for 5 years and when I needed help the door was shut on me. Maybe that will change but for now the path they are on will at least begin to help those currently employed. The problem and issues that have caused the problem discussed did not hinder my professional development. In fact it strengthened my leadership abilities. I had to compensate and be creative to keep employees motivated to be productive and friendly to customers. This issue caused me to step up and be a leader and motivate those employees who felt underpaid and who had poor job satisfaction. As I became better leader because of the problem the long hours worked because of high turnover impacted my school work and home life. Grades slipped, assignments were not done to the best of my ability. My family missed out on dinner together gatherings and other social events. Research Papers on Leadership and Organizational Studies, Dollar TreeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMind Travel